Microelectronics

A large number of innovations and developments were required to convert the original concept into an applied technology for fabricating VLSI circuits. Among these, diffusion was an significant first step, since it allowed thin bases and emitters to be fabricated by diffusing impurities from the vapour phase.

GaAS is distinctive from silicon in numerous ways. First it can be made in the form of a very-high-resistivity semi-insulating substrate. This gives unique benefits for high-speed analog applications such as amps and receivers for communications and radar.

The ultimate goal of Integrated circuit technologies is to be able to manufacture functional components at high volume and low cost. The amount of work required to complete a batch of wafers does not depend on the amount of information that the photomasks contain. One way to improve the manufacture of ICs is to increase the number of die per wafer by increasing the wafer size.

Nano electronics denote to the use of nanotechnology in electronic components. The term covers a diverse set of devices and materials, with the shared characteristic that they are so small that inter-atomic interactions and quantum mechanical properties need to be studied widely. Recent silicon CMOS technology generations, such as the 22 nanometer node, are previously inside this regime. Nano electronics are occasionally considered as disruptive technology because current candidates are expressively changed from traditional transistors.

Signal processing is an enabling technology that involves the fundamental theory, applications, algorithms, and implementations of transmitting information contained in many different physical, symbolic, or abstract formats broadly designated as signals. Transducers convert signals from other physical waveforms to electric current or voltage waveforms, which are transmitted as electromagnetic waves, received and converted by another transducer to final form.

Wireless communications is the fastest developing segment of the communications industry like it has captured the attention and imagination of the media and public. Cellular phones have experienced exponential growth over the last decade, and this growth continues unchanged worldwide, with more than a billion worldwide cell phone users projected in the near future. Certainly, cellular phones have become a critical business tool and part of everyday life in most established countries, and are rapidly supplanting antiquated wireline systems in many developing countries. And also, wireless local area networks are currently composed to increase or replace wired networks in many businesses and campuses.

An embedded system is a computer system with a out-and-out function within a larger mechanical system or electrical system. It is embedded as part of a whole device often including hardware and mechanical parts. An embedded system controls numerous devices for common use today. 98% of all microprocessors are manufactured as components of embedded systems.

Digital image processing deals with operation of digital images through a digital computer and also is a subfield of signals and systems but focuses mainly on images. DIP focuses on developing a computer system that is able to perform processing on an image and input of that system is a digital image and the system processess that image using efficient algorithms and provides an image as an output. The best common example is Adobe Photoshop. It is one of the widely used applications for processing digital images.

Transformer switching is the most frequently performed operation in any power delivery system. Most of the times, this operation can be done without any undesirable consequences. However, given the right combination of system parameters, switching can result in a violent interaction between circuit breaker and transformer.