Microelectronics

CMOS(Complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor)Technologies

The technology used for making integrated circuits is CMOS (Complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor) and broadly used in Random Access Memory (RAM), microprocessors, microcontrollers and other digital logic circuits. This technology is also used for several analog circuits like data converters, image sensors(CMOS sensor) , and highly integrated transceivers for several types of communication and it is the first integrated circuits hitting the markets in the seventies had a few 100 transistors integrated in bipolar technology.  Although the principles were well known, MOS arrived in the markets several years later and also it is one of the reason behind this was the inherent instability of the MOS transistors due to the existence of alkali elements in the gate dielectric and caused the threshold voltage of the transistor to shift during the operation.